2D images of iconography
Propaganda Sculpture • Funerary Monuments • Miscellaneous and non-Roman • Minor Works
Propaganda Sculpture

Relief (possibly depicting a Republican cavalryman) from the Lacus Curtius in the Forum Romanum that marked the traditional location where Curtius supposedly leaped into a chasm (other myths are available!). This is a later copy of a 2nd century BC relief. Image: MCB
Lacus Curtius

Detail of the Aemilius Paullus monument showing Macedonian cavalry and a Roman legionary. His large, curved, oval shield with a horizontal hand grip is clearly visible. The figure is heavily damaged but appesr to be wearing a thigh-length mail shirt. Image: Colin Whiting (CC BY-SA-4.0)
Aemilius Paullus monument

Portion of the so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus depicting two legionaries (with large, curved, oval shields, mail body armour, crested helmets, and sheathed swords), one of whom appears to be saluting. Image: jastrow (PD)
Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus

Portion of the so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus depicting two legionaries (with large, curved, oval shields with spinae and 'barleycorn' bosses, mail body armour, and crested helmets) and a mail-clad and helmeted cavalryman. Image: jastrow (PD)
Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus

Relief from Praeneste depicting marines on a bireme with a crocodile figurehead. The marines are equipped with oval shields but their equipment shows hellenising tendencies in the shield grips and helmets. Image: Rabax63 (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Relief

Three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing nine biremes (including one sinking) manned by marines. Image: Mark Landon (PD)
Relief

Detail of one of three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing eight biremes. Image: Mark Landon (PD)
Relief

Detail of one of three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing eight biremes. It depicts two marines with curved rectangular shields and a third with a hexagonal shield. They also appear to wear pteryges over tunics, and body armour that resembles the strips usually employed to depict lorica segmentata. Image: Mark Landon (PD)
Relief

Frize from the Augustan arch at Susa depicting Roman soldiers with oval shields and helmets. Image: Zairon
Susa arch

Congeries armorum on the eastern side of the south face of the arch at Orange. Image: Marianne Casamance
Orange arch
Funerary Monuments

Tombstone of Annaius Daverzus, auxiliary infantry of cohors III Delmatarum. He holds two spears and a flat rectangular shield and wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has a fine eight-strapped apron. Image: JordiCuber
Tombstone of Annaius Daverzus

Tombstone of Pantera, auxiliary archer of cohors I Sagittariorum. He holds a bow in his left hand and (originally) a scroll in his right and wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has a six-strapped apron. Image: Marcin Szala
Tombstone of Pantera

Tombstone of Hyperanor, auxiliary archer of cohors I Sagittariorum. He holds a bow in his left hand and has his right hand on his sword hilt. He wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has an eight-strapped apron. Image: Marcin Szala
Tombstone of Hyperanor

Pre-Flavian infantry tombstone, lacking an inscription. He wears two belts, one above the other, with a sword on his right hip and dagger on his left. He holds his shield with a horizontal handgrip. Image: Marcus Cyron (PD)
Tombstone

Fragmentary tombstone found in Trier in 1888. It depicts a soldier holding two spears in his right hand and (apparently) the scabbard of a sword in his left. His tunic has the characteristic hem and folds of a pre-Flavian tombstone. He also appears to be wearing a sagum and a baldric over his right shoulder. A belt and apron can be made out. Image: MCB (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Tombstone

Torso of a pre-Flavian infantryman's tombstone from Bingen (DEU), now in the Landesmuseum Mainz. Crossed belts, decorated dagger scabbard, and apron are expertly portrayed, and a paenula is worn over his finely detailed tunic. Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Tombstone fragment

Tombstone of the auxiliary standard bearer, Pancuius, depicting him wearing a mail short with shoulder doubling, with pteryges, holding a standard on his left side. Image: Hartmann Linge
Tombstone of Pancuius

Tombstone of aquilifer L. Sertorius Firmus at Verona. He wears a scale shirt and pteryges with two belts over it, for a sword on his left hip and dagger on his right. He holds an eagle standard in his right hand. Image: MCB
Tombstone of Sertorius Firmus

Tombstone of centurion Q. Sertorius Festus at Verona. He wears a paludamentum over his left shoulder and holds a vitis in his right hand. He also wears scale armour with pteryges under a set of phalerae. He has decorated greaves on his shins. Image: MCB
Tombstone of Sertorius Festus

Detail of the tombstone of the centurion T. Calidius Severus from Carnuntum showing (upper register) his attributes as a legionary centurion (?scale armour, vitis, helmet with transverse crest, and greaves) and (lower register) his horse and calo from when he was an auxiliary cavalryman. Image: Matthias Kabel
Tombstone of Calidius Severus
Miscellaneous and non-Roman

An incomplete relief from Alba Iulia (ROM) depicting a legionary soldier with a curved rectangular shield (with a figural boss), a hybrid cuirass with segmental girth hoops and scale upper section, a segmental armguard, and the chape of a sword scabbard visible worn on the left hip. Image: JCNC
Relief

Column base relief from Mainz depicting two legionaries with curved rectangular shields and helmets. The one in the foreground has a drawn sword whilst the man in the background has a shouldered pilum. Image: MCB
Mainz Legionaries

Column base relief from Mainz depicting a legionary with a pilum and a slung helmet and a standard bearer. Image: Heiko Fischer
Legionaries

Column base relief from Mainz depicting a legionary with a curved rectangular shield, helmet, and mail shirt with a split at the hem. His sword is worn on his left hip and in his right hand he holds a loop. Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Mainz legionary

Detail of a front view of the Ludovisi Antoninus Pius statue showing a draped garment with lappets and pteryges, identified by Robinson as an arming doublet. Image: MumblerJamie (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Statue

Detail of a side view of the Ludovisi Antoninus Pius statue showing a draped garment with lappets and pteryges, identified by Robinson as an arming doublet. Image: MumblerJamie (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Statue

Relief of Mars from Housesteads depicted with his sword on his right hip and with the horizontal hand grip of his oval shield resembling those of the Dura shields. His helmet has a fore-and-aft crest and side plumes. Image: MCB
Relief

Statue of Mars from Aalen (DEU) depicting the deity wearing a sword mounted on the left hip with a baldric (with phalera fastener) and scabbard slide. Image: G. Garitan (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Statue

Detail of a statue of Mars from Aalen (DEU) showing the sword baldric (with phalera fastener) and scabbard slide. Image: G. Garitan (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Statue

Statue of Mars from York (GBR) depicting the deity wearing a sword mounted on the left hip with a baldric and holding an oval shield with a circular boss. He wears greaves on both legs. Image: G. Garitan (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Statue
Minor Works

Fresco from the Boukhachkhach (Bou Kachkach) Necropolis (MAR) depicting a soldier, possibly a cavalryman, wearing a blue paenula over a white tunic, holding a green oval shield in his left hand and staff in his right, and with the hilt of a sword visible suspended on his left hip. The horses wear no harnesses or headstalls but do seem to be wearing collars. Late 1st or early 2nd century AD. Image: Dan Diffendale (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Fresco

Crossing the Red Sea fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting soldiers with multi-coloured shields lined up before standard-bearers with vexilla. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco

Exodus from Egypt fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting soldiers with multi-coloured shields. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco

Detail of the fresco of the tribune Terentius from Dura-Europos depicting a vexillum. Image: Yale University Art Gallery
Fresco

Detail of the fresco of the tribune Terentius from Dura-Europos depicting a group of soldiers. Image: Yale University Art Gallery
Fresco

Fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting a horse archer (Mordechai). Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco

Depiction of a Late Roman soldier from a fresco in the Via Latina catacomb in Rome. Image: JCNC
Fresco

Fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting two (mail-clad?) cavalryman fighting whilst (scale-clad?) infantrymen are engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco