2D images of iconography
Propaganda Sculpture • Funerary Monuments • Miscellaneous and non-Roman • Minor Works
Propaganda Sculpture
![Relief (possibly depicting a Republican cavalryman) from the Lacus Curtius in the Forum Romanum that marked the traditional location where Curtius supposedly leaped into a chasm (other myths are available!). This is a later copy of a 2nd century BC relief. Image: MCB A horseman with a spear in his right hand and a small round shield (parma) in his left. He wears a helmet with a crest.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/parma/1490157227.jpg)
Relief (possibly depicting a Republican cavalryman) from the Lacus Curtius in the Forum Romanum that marked the traditional location where Curtius supposedly leaped into a chasm (other myths are available!). This is a later copy of a 2nd century BC relief. Image: MCB
Lacus Curtius
![Detail of the Aemilius Paullus monument showing Macedonian cavalry and a Roman legionary. His large, curved, oval shield with a horizontal hand grip is clearly visible. The figure is heavily damaged but appesr to be wearing a thigh-length mail shirt. Image: Colin Whiting (CC BY-SA-4.0) Three cavalrymen to the left and a legionary soldier (lacking his head and most of his weaponry) with a large shield to the right.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Aemilius-Paullus-monument/3499903046.jpg)
Detail of the Aemilius Paullus monument showing Macedonian cavalry and a Roman legionary. His large, curved, oval shield with a horizontal hand grip is clearly visible. The figure is heavily damaged but appesr to be wearing a thigh-length mail shirt. Image: Colin Whiting (CC BY-SA-4.0)
Aemilius Paullus monument
![Portion of the so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus depicting two legionaries (with large, curved, oval shields, mail body armour, crested helmets, and sheathed swords), one of whom appears to be saluting. Image: jastrow (PD) Two legionaries with large oval shields facing away from each other.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/ahenobarbus1/1389522148.jpg)
Portion of the so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus depicting two legionaries (with large, curved, oval shields, mail body armour, crested helmets, and sheathed swords), one of whom appears to be saluting. Image: jastrow (PD)
Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus
![Portion of the so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus depicting two legionaries (with large, curved, oval shields with spinae and 'barleycorn' bosses, mail body armour, and crested helmets) and a mail-clad and helmeted cavalryman. Image: jastrow (PD) Two legionaries with large oval shields converse whilst a cavalryman deals with his mount.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/ahenobarbus2/1769153613.jpg)
Portion of the so-called Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus depicting two legionaries (with large, curved, oval shields with spinae and 'barleycorn' bosses, mail body armour, and crested helmets) and a mail-clad and helmeted cavalryman. Image: jastrow (PD)
Altar of Domitius Ahenobarbus
![Relief from Praeneste depicting marines on a bireme with a crocodile figurehead. The marines are equipped with oval shields but their equipment shows hellenising tendencies in the shield grips and helmets. Image: Rabax63 (CC BY-SA 4.0) Relief showing the front portion of a bireme moving from right to left, with a double bank of oars, a crocodile figurehead, with a number of marines standing on the deck.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/marines/2537528280.jpg)
Relief from Praeneste depicting marines on a bireme with a crocodile figurehead. The marines are equipped with oval shields but their equipment shows hellenising tendencies in the shield grips and helmets. Image: Rabax63 (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Relief
![Three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing nine biremes (including one sinking) manned by marines. Image: Mark Landon (PD) Three relief panels depicting a naval battle, identified as Actium.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Medinacelli1/3301712288.jpg)
Three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing nine biremes (including one sinking) manned by marines. Image: Mark Landon (PD)
Relief
![Detail of one of three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing eight biremes. Image: Mark Landon (PD) Detail of a relief panel depicting a naval battle, identified as Actium.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Medinacelli3/868706711.jpg)
Detail of one of three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing eight biremes. Image: Mark Landon (PD)
Relief
![Detail of one of three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing eight biremes. It depicts two marines with curved rectangular shields and a third with a hexagonal shield. They also appear to wear pteryges over tunics, and body armour that resembles the strips usually employed to depict lorica segmentata. Image: Mark Landon (PD) Detail of a relief panel depicting a naval battle, identified as Actium, showing three marines on two ships.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Medinacelli4/2217443578.jpg)
Detail of one of three joining relief panels from the Medinacelli reliefs depicting the battle of Actium showing eight biremes. It depicts two marines with curved rectangular shields and a third with a hexagonal shield. They also appear to wear pteryges over tunics, and body armour that resembles the strips usually employed to depict lorica segmentata. Image: Mark Landon (PD)
Relief
![Frize from the Augustan arch at Susa depicting Roman soldiers with oval shields and helmets. Image: Zairon Troops pass from left two right, including (from left to right) a dismounted horsmen, three legionaries, a mounted cavalryman, and a fleeing enemy horseman.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Susa/3126589770.jpg)
Frize from the Augustan arch at Susa depicting Roman soldiers with oval shields and helmets. Image: Zairon
Susa arch
Funerary Monuments
![Tombstone of Annaius Daverzus, auxiliary infantry of cohors III Delmatarum. He holds two spears and a flat rectangular shield and wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has a fine eight-strapped apron. Image: JordiCuber Infantryman stands within a niche, with spears in his right hand and shield in his left.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Annaius-scaled/1310561255.jpg)
Tombstone of Annaius Daverzus, auxiliary infantry of cohors III Delmatarum. He holds two spears and a flat rectangular shield and wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has a fine eight-strapped apron. Image: JordiCuber
Tombstone of Annaius Daverzus
![Tombstone of Pantera, auxiliary archer of cohors I Sagittariorum. He holds a bow in his left hand and (originally) a scroll in his right and wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has a six-strapped apron. Image: Marcin Szala Infantryman stands within a niche, with the remains of a scroll in his right hand and a composite bow in his left. The tombstone is missing from the shoulders upwards.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Pantera/2643144018.jpg)
Tombstone of Pantera, auxiliary archer of cohors I Sagittariorum. He holds a bow in his left hand and (originally) a scroll in his right and wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has a six-strapped apron. Image: Marcin Szala
Tombstone of Pantera
![Tombstone of Hyperanor, auxiliary archer of cohors I Sagittariorum. He holds a bow in his left hand and has his right hand on his sword hilt. He wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has an eight-strapped apron. Image: Marcin Szala Infantryman stands within a niche, with his right hand on his sword hilt and a composite bow in his left. The tombstone is missing its head.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Hyperanor-scaled/4168758390.jpg)
Tombstone of Hyperanor, auxiliary archer of cohors I Sagittariorum. He holds a bow in his left hand and has his right hand on his sword hilt. He wears two belts, one each for sword and dagger, and has an eight-strapped apron. Image: Marcin Szala
Tombstone of Hyperanor
![Pre-Flavian infantry tombstone, lacking an inscription. He wears two belts, one above the other, with a sword on his right hip and dagger on his left. He holds his shield with a horizontal handgrip. Image: Marcus Cyron (PD) Auxiliary infantryman depicted in a niche holding spears in his right hand and a rectangular shield in his left.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Koeln-infantryman/1286300633.jpg)
Pre-Flavian infantry tombstone, lacking an inscription. He wears two belts, one above the other, with a sword on his right hip and dagger on his left. He holds his shield with a horizontal handgrip. Image: Marcus Cyron (PD)
Tombstone
![Fragmentary tombstone found in Trier in 1888. It depicts a soldier holding two spears in his right hand and (apparently) the scabbard of a sword in his left. His tunic has the characteristic hem and folds of a pre-Flavian tombstone. He also appears to be wearing a <i>sagum</i> and a baldric over his right shoulder. A belt and apron can be made out. Image: MCB (CC BY-SA 2.0) Damaged infantry tombstone of an unknown soldier, missing the neck upwards and the shins downwards.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Trier-unknown-soldier/1794904091.jpg)
Fragmentary tombstone found in Trier in 1888. It depicts a soldier holding two spears in his right hand and (apparently) the scabbard of a sword in his left. His tunic has the characteristic hem and folds of a pre-Flavian tombstone. He also appears to be wearing a sagum and a baldric over his right shoulder. A belt and apron can be made out. Image: MCB (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Tombstone
![Torso of a pre-Flavian infantryman's tombstone from Bingen (DEU), now in the Landesmuseum Mainz. Crossed belts, decorated dagger scabbard, and apron are expertly portrayed, and a paenula is worn over his finely detailed tunic. Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0) Fragment of a tombstone sculpture showing just the torso of an infantryman.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/51445693686_99ccd80ab9_k/3976437426.jpg)
Torso of a pre-Flavian infantryman's tombstone from Bingen (DEU), now in the Landesmuseum Mainz. Crossed belts, decorated dagger scabbard, and apron are expertly portrayed, and a paenula is worn over his finely detailed tunic. Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Tombstone fragment
![Tombstone of the auxiliary standard bearer, Pancuius, depicting him wearing a mail short with shoulder doubling, with pteryges, holding a standard on his left side. Image: Hartmann Linge A half-height relief of a soldier is set in an apsidal niche above his inscribed epitaph.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Pancuius-scaled/468268308.jpg)
Tombstone of the auxiliary standard bearer, Pancuius, depicting him wearing a mail short with shoulder doubling, with pteryges, holding a standard on his left side. Image: Hartmann Linge
Tombstone of Pancuius
![Tombstone of aquilifer L. Sertorius Firmus at Verona. He wears a scale shirt and pteryges with two belts over it, for a sword on his left hip and dagger on his right. He holds an eagle standard in his right hand. Image: MCB Tombstone of an eagle-bearer standing in a niche with his weight on his right leg and not wearing a helmet](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/03/3874992804_0477453ac6_o/1805606382.jpg)
Tombstone of aquilifer L. Sertorius Firmus at Verona. He wears a scale shirt and pteryges with two belts over it, for a sword on his left hip and dagger on his right. He holds an eagle standard in his right hand. Image: MCB
Tombstone of Sertorius Firmus
![Tombstone of centurion Q. Sertorius Festus at Verona. He wears a paludamentum over his left shoulder and holds a vitis in his right hand. He also wears scale armour with pteryges under a set of phalerae. He has decorated greaves on his shins. Image: MCB Tombstone of a centurion standing in a niche with his weight on his right leg and not wearing a helmet (although he does have a wreath)](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/03/3874992460_9e16d37954_o/4120858010.jpg)
Tombstone of centurion Q. Sertorius Festus at Verona. He wears a paludamentum over his left shoulder and holds a vitis in his right hand. He also wears scale armour with pteryges under a set of phalerae. He has decorated greaves on his shins. Image: MCB
Tombstone of Sertorius Festus
![Detail of the tombstone of the centurion T. Calidius Severus from Carnuntum showing (upper register) his attributes as a legionary centurion (?scale armour, vitis, helmet with transverse crest, and greaves) and (lower register) his horse and calo from when he was an auxiliary cavalryman. Image: Matthias Kabel In the upper register, from left to right, a cuirass (probably scale armour), a vitis in the middle, then to the right, a helmet with transverse crest above a pair of greaves with embossed decoration on the knees. In the lower register a saddled horse (on the right) and calo (on the left).](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/calidius-severus/1107626451.jpg)
Detail of the tombstone of the centurion T. Calidius Severus from Carnuntum showing (upper register) his attributes as a legionary centurion (?scale armour, vitis, helmet with transverse crest, and greaves) and (lower register) his horse and calo from when he was an auxiliary cavalryman. Image: Matthias Kabel
Tombstone of Calidius Severus
Miscellaneous and non-Roman
![An incomplete relief from Alba Iulia (ROM) depicting a legionary soldier with a curved rectangular shield (with a figural boss), a hybrid cuirass with segmental girth hoops and scale upper section, a segmental armguard, and the chape of a sword scabbard visible worn on the left hip. Image: JCNC Headless relief of a soldier, cut off below the knee on an uninscribed block.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Alba-Iulia-cuirass/215502397.jpg)
An incomplete relief from Alba Iulia (ROM) depicting a legionary soldier with a curved rectangular shield (with a figural boss), a hybrid cuirass with segmental girth hoops and scale upper section, a segmental armguard, and the chape of a sword scabbard visible worn on the left hip. Image: JCNC
Relief
![Column base relief from Mainz depicting two legionaries with curved rectangular shields and helmets. The one in the foreground has a drawn sword whilst the man in the background has a shouldered pilum. Image: MCB Two soldiers moving left to right, the one in the foreground and to the right has his weight on his left foot and the sword drawn. That on the right is in the background and has his shield raised.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/smgladius-fig-25-repaired/3135005820.jpg)
Column base relief from Mainz depicting two legionaries with curved rectangular shields and helmets. The one in the foreground has a drawn sword whilst the man in the background has a shouldered pilum. Image: MCB
Mainz Legionaries
![Column base relief from Mainz depicting a legionary with a pilum and a slung helmet and a standard bearer. Image: Heiko Fischer Two infantryman, one on the left with a pilum and curved rectangular shield, with his helmet slung over his neck and pilum. On the right a standard bearer wearing a sagum carries a pole with a single disc on it.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Mainz_Saulenbasis_mit_zwei_Legionaren_auf_dem_Marsch-1/2383617563.jpg)
Column base relief from Mainz depicting a legionary with a pilum and a slung helmet and a standard bearer. Image: Heiko Fischer
Legionaries
![Column base relief from Mainz depicting a legionary with a curved rectangular shield, helmet, and mail shirt with a split at the hem. His sword is worn on his left hip and in his right hand he holds a loop. Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0) Legionary soldier moving from right to left holding a loop in his right hand and a shield (with wings and thunderbolt blazon and a tabula ansata) in his left.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/mainz-legionary-B/377344296.jpg)
Column base relief from Mainz depicting a legionary with a curved rectangular shield, helmet, and mail shirt with a split at the hem. His sword is worn on his left hip and in his right hand he holds a loop. Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Mainz legionary
![Pedestal relief from Mainz, thought to be from the HQ building (principia), depicting a legionary facing right, with a curved oval shield with a spina and possibly butterfly boss, with his sword drawn. There is evidence of a shield blazon just visible. The relief is heavily damaged, possibly by erosion. Image: MCB (CC BY-SA 4.0) Heavily eroded pedestal relief of a soldier moving from left to right.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Mainz-damaged-pedestal/2883604652.jpg)
Pedestal relief from Mainz, thought to be from the HQ building (principia), depicting a legionary facing right, with a curved oval shield with a spina and possibly butterfly boss, with his sword drawn. There is evidence of a shield blazon just visible. The relief is heavily damaged, possibly by erosion. Image: MCB (CC BY-SA 4.0)
Mainz legionary
![Detail of a front view of the Ludovisi Antoninus Pius statue showing a draped garment with lappets and pteryges, identified by Robinson as an arming doublet. Image: MumblerJamie (CC BY-SA 2.0) Depiction in marble of a garment draped over a tree stump with a Corinthian helmet at its base.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Ludovisi-Pius-1/3213337141.jpg)
Detail of a front view of the Ludovisi Antoninus Pius statue showing a draped garment with lappets and pteryges, identified by Robinson as an arming doublet. Image: MumblerJamie (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Statue
![Detail of a side view of the Ludovisi Antoninus Pius statue showing a draped garment with lappets and pteryges, identified by Robinson as an arming doublet. Image: MumblerJamie (CC BY-SA 2.0) Depiction in marble of a garment draped over a tree stump with a Corinthian helmet at its base.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Ludovisi-Pius-2/3878876016.jpg)
Detail of a side view of the Ludovisi Antoninus Pius statue showing a draped garment with lappets and pteryges, identified by Robinson as an arming doublet. Image: MumblerJamie (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Statue
![relief from Mavilly depicting Mars wearing a mail short and holding a spear and a shield. Image: Anne-Marie Lesca (CC-BY-SA) Relief of a bare-headed warrior wearing mail and holding a spear in his right hand and shield in his left.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Mavilly-Mars/3905359322.jpg)
relief from Mavilly depicting Mars wearing a mail short and holding a spear and a shield. Image: Anne-Marie Lesca (CC-BY-SA)
Pedestal
![Relief of Mars from Housesteads depicted with his sword on his right hip and with the horizontal hand grip of his oval shield resembling those of the Dura shields. His helmet has a fore-and-aft crest and side plumes. Image: MCB Stone relief with a depiction of Mars leaning on his spear, held in his right hand, and with the rear face of his shield visible on the ground by his side.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/Housesteads-Mars/2978633178.jpg)
Relief of Mars from Housesteads depicted with his sword on his right hip and with the horizontal hand grip of his oval shield resembling those of the Dura shields. His helmet has a fore-and-aft crest and side plumes. Image: MCB
Relief
![Flanking relief of Mars from an inscription (RIB 1284) from High Rochester suggested by some as depicting an arming doublet (thoracomachus/subarmalis). Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0) A crude Mars holds a spear in his right hand and rounded shield (resting on the ground) in his left. He wears a garment that consists of vertical folds or quilting.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/10/High-Rochester-Mars/1261287740.jpg)
Flanking relief of Mars from an inscription (RIB 1284) from High Rochester suggested by some as depicting an arming doublet (thoracomachus/subarmalis). Image: Carole Raddato (CC BY-SA 2.0)
Relief
Minor Works
![Fresco from the Boukhachkhach (Bou Kachkach) Necropolis (MAR) depicting a soldier, possibly a cavalryman, wearing a blue paenula over a white tunic, holding a green oval shield in his left hand and staff in his right, and with the hilt of a sword visible suspended on his left hip. The horses wear no harnesses or headstalls but do seem to be wearing collars. Late 1st or early 2nd century AD. Image: Dan Diffendale (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0) A soldier stands between two chestnut horses which face him.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/17306594251_11f108a821_o/395143366.jpg)
Fresco from the Boukhachkhach (Bou Kachkach) Necropolis (MAR) depicting a soldier, possibly a cavalryman, wearing a blue paenula over a white tunic, holding a green oval shield in his left hand and staff in his right, and with the hilt of a sword visible suspended on his left hip. The horses wear no harnesses or headstalls but do seem to be wearing collars. Late 1st or early 2nd century AD. Image: Dan Diffendale (CC BY-NC-SA 2.0)
Fresco
![Crossing the Red Sea fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting soldiers with multi-coloured shields lined up before standard-bearers with vexilla. Image: Wikimedia Commons Soldiers with oval, coloured shields (red, white, and blue) and similarly coloured leggings.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Red-Sea/1720272513.jpg)
Crossing the Red Sea fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting soldiers with multi-coloured shields lined up before standard-bearers with vexilla. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco
![Exodus from Egypt fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting soldiers with multi-coloured shields. Image: Wikimedia Commons Soldiers with oval, coloured shields (red, white, and blue).](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/exodus/1275746521.jpg)
Exodus from Egypt fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting soldiers with multi-coloured shields. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco
![Detail of the fresco of the tribune Terentius from Dura-Europos depicting a vexillum. Image: Yale University Art Gallery Vexillum standard, coloured red, on a shaft with a wreath at the top and a fringe at the bottom.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Terentius-detail-2/3878201765.jpg)
Detail of the fresco of the tribune Terentius from Dura-Europos depicting a vexillum. Image: Yale University Art Gallery
Fresco
![Detail of the fresco of the tribune Terentius from Dura-Europos depicting a group of soldiers. Image: Yale University Art Gallery A group of unarmoured soldiers in white tunics, with the tribune Terentius to the left.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Terentius-detail-1/2885594795.jpg)
Detail of the fresco of the tribune Terentius from Dura-Europos depicting a group of soldiers. Image: Yale University Art Gallery
Fresco
![Fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting a horse archer (Mordechai). Image: Wikimedia Commons A horseman wearing a cap and a cloak has quiver of arrows on his horse's flank](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/Mordechai_Dura_Europos/3737073709.jpg)
Fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting a horse archer (Mordechai). Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco
![Depiction of a Late Roman soldier from a fresco in the Via Latina catacomb in Rome. Image: JCNC A soldier wearing a Kammhelm and clad mostly in red stands with his sword raised and oval/round shield by his side.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/via-latina/996178369.jpg)
Depiction of a Late Roman soldier from a fresco in the Via Latina catacomb in Rome. Image: JCNC
Fresco
![Fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting two (mail-clad?) cavalryman fighting whilst (scale-clad?) infantrymen are engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Image: Wikimedia Commons In the centre, two cavalrymen charge at each other with two-handed lances whilst armoured infantrymen with shields fight all around them.](https://romanmilitaryequipment.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/cache/2023/02/1280px-DuraSyn-NB1_Eben-Ezer_2/781662134.jpg)
Fresco from the synagogue at Dura-Europos depicting two (mail-clad?) cavalryman fighting whilst (scale-clad?) infantrymen are engaged in hand-to-hand combat. Image: Wikimedia Commons
Fresco